The X-rays hit the sample and are scattered by the crystals of the material. The direction of this scattering depends on which crystalline materials are present in the sample. The signal detected is unique to different substances and can thus be identified.

In archaeology, XRD is employed, for example, to identify minerals in archaeological samples such as soil, ceramics, stone, or pigments. Another application is to assess the degradation level of archaeological bones. It's important to note that the sampling process is destructive, and for this reason, we recommend documenting the objects before sending them to AFL for analysis. The required sample size is minimal, typically ranging between 5 and 10 milligram.