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Abstract

The British, Italian, Spanish, French and American Empires adopted an array of contradictory policies towards their respective Muslim subjects scattered throughout the world. As they managed often conflicting agendas that targeted Muslim polities with still strong associations with the Ottoman Empire, a growing repertoire of intelligence gathering and academic “knowledge” production informed these relations at the turn of the 20th Century. Strategies that sought to recruit potentially key socio-economic, cultural, religious, and political allies implicated many who originated from within the Ottoman Empire. By the turn-of-the-century, Britain, Italy, Spain, France and the United States all sought to expand their influence among these previously recruited clients. In the case of Britain, the outbreak of the Great War produced a number of reliable alliances with Arab/Muslim intellectuals based in Cairo and India. Likewise, their strategic partnerships with various merchant-cum-political leaders in Ottoman territories availed to France and Italy leverage over their Muslim subjects throughout Africa. The Spanish and United States’ imperial administrations engaged Ottoman subjects in the South China Sea islands, inhabited by Muslim polities often violently resisting their rule. The lecture will shed light on the consequences of these cultivated alliances that effectively induced dissent, turmoil, revolt, and structural transition. The intersecting histories of cooperation/alliance-making and resistance in three distinctive areas formally resisting foreign administration will be read comparatively within the larger context of modern empires facing disparate and contradictory challenges from local responses to the contingencies created by war. As these events regularly upset imperialist/capitalist ambitions, they demand that historians focus on a multiplicity of factors contributing to the modern world’s (dis)order including the complex relations Ottoman subjects had with the larger world.

Isa Blumi is Docent/Associate Professor of Turkish and Middle Eastern Studies at The Department of Asian and Middle Eastern Studies, Stockholm University.