Cecilia StenforsAssociate Professor
About me
Stenfors is an associate professor, researcher, university lecturer and research leader of the Stenfors Lab, in the Psychobiology/Epidemiology division and the Work- & Organizational Psychology division, at the Department of Psychology, Stockholm University.
Research focus broadly concern the nexus of human, environmental, and planetary sustainability and health. The interconnection between our environments and human health, cognition and wellbeing, and how to create sustainable places for sustainable people.
Research broadly concern:
- The determinants of cognitive (mental) functioning, state performance, mental health and wellbeing
- How to create healty environments which support health, cognition (mental functioning, performance) and wellbeing
- The role of external environment factors and internal psychological, biological & physiological processes, in cognition, health and wellbeing:
- Natural vs urban environment exposures
- Pro-environmental attitudes and behavior: determinants and interventions
- Physical and psychosocial work environment
Several current research projects focus on how different natural and urban environment exposures, as well as worklife factors, affect cognition, health and wellbeing—both before and during the Covid-19 pandemic.
Links to open online course, on the interface of human, animal, environmental and planetry health, incl. a module by Stenfors:
MOOC: “One Health: Pandemic preparedness, prevention, and response” on Coursera
The course contail lectures and modules with international experts from different disciplines. Read more about the course at the Federation of European Academies of Medicine here.
Take the course here on Coursera.
Links to selected resources/further reading:
Residential greenspace and mental health: https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0169204624001087?via%3Dihub
Overview of human and environmental health and sustainability nexus (Swedish): greenspace, nature vs urban environment, mental health, performance and wellbeing, environemntal sustainability, and resilience to crises: https://socialmedicinsktidskrift.se/index.php/smt/article/view/3043/2859
Nature, mental health, cognition & wellbeing during Covid-19: https://psyarxiv.com/cjndm ;https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/6/3303
Natural environments and cognitive performance: https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01413
Forskningsrapport om förändringar i arbetsförhållanden under Covid-19 pandemin, i olika grupper på den svenska arbetsmarknaden: https://mynak.se/projekt/coronapandemins-paverkan-pa-arbetsmiljo/svenska-data-om-arbetsmiljo-och-halsa-2012-2022-slosh/
Changes during the Covid-19 pandemic in mental health, life style and work in the Swedish work force, short report by C. Stenfors in UN Academic Impact: https://www.un.org/en/academic-impact/exploring-effects-mental-health-covid-19-pandemic-and-associated-societal
Overview and research on concentration and memory problems in worklife- The role of working conditions, stress, etc (cognitive overload, distractions, supportive resources etc) on cognitive problems in work life: http://su.diva-portal.org/smash/get/diva2:661638/FULLTEXT01.pdf
The 72 hour Cabin Case study & communication project, The documentary: https://visitsweden.com/72hcabin/
Background
After obtaining my doctoral degree, I was a post-doctoral research fellow at the University of Chicago in the Environmental Neuroscience Lab (funded by the Swedish Research Council) and post-doctoral researcher at the Aging Research Center at Karolinska Institutet,, where my research focused on the topics described above.
Funding
The Swedish Research Council for Health, Working life, and Welfare (FORTE)
The Swedish Research Council for Sustainable Development (Formas)
Myndigheten för samhällsskydd och beredskap
Region Stockholm
Folkhälsomyndigheten
Myndigheten för Arbetsmiljökunskap, Mynak
The Swedish Research Council (VR)
Members of the Stenfors Lab
Yannick Klein, PhD
Ida Nilsen, PhD student
Johanna Stengård, PhD
Lina Rådmark, PhD, alumni
Collaborators
Statistics Sweden
SMHI
Aging Research Center, Karolinska Institute & Stockholm University
The Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Sweden.
Centrum för Arbetsmiljömedicin, Region Stockholm
Center for Social Sustainability, Karolinska Institute, Sweden.
School of public health and community medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy & University of Gothenburg.
Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences, Sweden.
University of Chicago, IL, USA.
University of Washington, WA, USA.
Stanford University, CA, USA.
University of Bristish Columbia, BC, Canada.
INSERM and Montpellier University, France.
Mälardalens Högskola.
Stockholm School of Economics, Sweden.
The Royal Academy of Music, Stockholm, Swede
Education & training
I earned my Bachelor and Master’s degree in Psychology at the University of St Andrews, UK (2007), and my Doctoral degree in Psychology at the Department of Psychology and the Stress Research Institute at Stockholm University (2014). I studied statistical methods at the ICPSR at the University of Michigan as part of my doctoral training, and did fMRI training at the University of Michigan, as part of my post-doctoral training.
Publications
Klein, Y., Nilsen, I. B. R. ; Petra Lindfors, P. Magnusson Hanson, L., and Stenfors, C. U. D. (2025) Nature visits buffered against loneliness during COVID-19, especially among those mainly working remotely. A population-based study of working adults in Sweden. Journal of Public Health, in press.
Stenfors, C. U. D., Osika, W., Mundaca, L., Ruprecht, S., Ramstetter, L. & Wamsler, C. (2025) Nature Connectedness and other Transformative Qualities Associated with Pro-Environmental Attitudes, Behaviours and Engagement across Scales – the Direction of Compassion Matters. Global Sutainability, Camridge University Press, in press.
Simonsson, O., Chaturvedi, S., Hendricks, P.S., Stenfors, C.U.D., Osika, W., Narayanan, J., Palitsky, R. and Goldberg, S.B. (2025). Associations between psychedelic-related and meditation-related variables: a longitudinal study. Journal of Psychiatric Research 184, 457-463. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychires.2025.03.025
Simonsson, O., Goldberg, S. B., Osika, W., Stenfors, C. U. D., Chaturvedi, S., Swords, C., Narayanan, J., Hendricks, P. S. (2025) Longitudinal Associations of Naturalistic Psychedelic Use with Psychotic and Manic Symptoms. Psychological Medicine, in press.
Stenfors, C. U. D., Stengård, J., Klein, Y., Nilsen, I. (2024) The role of greenspace qualities at the nexus of human health and environmental sustainability and resilience to climate change and biodiversity loss. The 28th IAPS International Conference Association for People-environment Studies, Barcelona, 2 – 5 July.
Stenfors, C. U. D., L Rådmark, L., Stengård, J., Klein, Y., Osika, W., Hanson, L. M. (2024) More green, less depressed: Residential greenspace is associated with lower antidepressant redemptions in a nationwide population-based study. Landscape and Urban Planning 249, 105109. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.landurbplan.2024.105109
Klein, Y., Lindfors, P., Hanson, L. M., & Stenfors, C. U. D. (2024). Development of nature-related habits and their relation to mental health outcomes during two years of the COVID-19 pandemic: A population-based study in Sweden. Journal of Public Health. Preprint: DOI: 10.31234/osf.io/cjndm, https://psyarxiv.com/cjndm
Honk, L., Stenfors, C. U. D., Goldberg, S. B., Hendricks, P. S., Osika, W., Dourron, H. M., Lebedev, A., Petrovic, P. & Simonsson, O. (2024). Longitudinal associations between psychedelic use and psychotic symptoms in the United States and the United Kingdom. Journal of Affective Disorders, 351, 194-201. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0165032724002180
Stenfors, C. U. D. (2023). Vår relation till naturen - ett nexus för mänsklig, ekologisk och planetär hållbarhet, samt resiliens vid kriser. Socialmedicinsk tidskrift, 100(3), 509-524.
https://socialmedicinsktidskrift.se/index.php/smt/article/view/3043/2859
Simonsson, O, Osika, W, Stenfors, C U D, Goldberg, S, Honk, L, & Hendricks, P. (2023) Longitudinal associations between psychedelic use and meditation practices in the United States and the United Kingdom, In press, Psychological Medicine.
Stenfors, C. U. D, Stengård, J., Osika, W., Hanson, L. M. The role of residential greenspace qualities and it’s closeness for mental health and sleep outcomes: Results from longitudinal studies on nationwide population-based cohorts in Sweden with fine-grained assessments.
17th International Congress of Behavioral Medicine, From Local to Global: Behavior, Climate and Health, Vancouver, Canada, August 23-26, 2023.
Klein, Y, Lindfors, P, Hanson, L M, & Stenfors, C U D. Nature-related habits and their development and relation to mental health outcomes during the covid-19 pandemic: a population-based study in Sweden. 17th International Congress of Behavioral Medicine, From Local to Global: Behavior, Climate and Health, Vancouver, Canada, August 23-26, 2023.
Stenfors, C. U. D., Rådmark, L., Stengård, J., Klein, Y., Osika, W., & Hanson, L. M. (2023). More green, less blue: Residential Greenspace is Associated with Lower Antidepressant Redemptions in a Nationwide Population-Based Study—Need for an Environmental Psychiatry Framework. PsyArXiv, DOI: 10.31234/osf.io/k6mev, https://psyarxiv.com/k6mev/
Stenfors C. U. D., Stengård J, Magnusson Hanson L, Kecklund L-G, & Westerlund H. (2023) Green Sleep: Immediate residential greenspace and access to larger green areas are associated with better sleep quality, in a longitudinal population-based cohort. Environmental Research, Vol 234, 116085, ISSN 0013-9351,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.envres.2023.116085
Otto Simonsson, Cecilia U. D. Stenfors, Simon B Goldberg, Peter S Hendricks and Walter Osika (2023) Altered States of Leadership: Mindfulness Meditation, Classic Psychedelics, and Leadership Development, Frontiers in Psychology, 14: 1151626, doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1151626, https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10354271/
Magnusson Hanson L, Stenfors C.U.D, Wijkander M, Blomqvist S, & Westerlund H (2023) Arbetsmiljön före och under Covid-19 pandemin i ett urval av den arbetande befolkningen i Sverige: The Swedish Longitudinal Occupational Survey of Health. [Organizational & Psychosocial work environment within the Swedish Labour market during the Corona pandemic]. Original research project and report, commissioned by the Swedish government through the Swedish Agency for Work Environment Expertise, original research report. https://mynak.se/projekt/coronapandemins-paverkan-pa-arbetsmiljo/svenska-data-om-arbetsmiljo-och-halsa-2012-2022-slosh/
Ramstetter L, Rupprecht S, Mundaca L, Osika W, Stenfors C U D., Klackl J, and Wamsler C (2023) Fostering collective climate action and leadership: Insights from a pilot experiment with a behavioral intervention involving mindfulness and compassion, iScience, 26(3), 106191, https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S2589004223002687
Pöllänen, E.; Osika, W.; Stenfors, C.U.D.; Simonsson, O. (2022) Classic Psychedelics and Human–Animal Relations. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19, 8114. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19138114
Klein, Y., Lindfors, P., Osika, W., Magnusson Hanson, L. L., & Stenfors, C. U. D. (2022). Residential Greenspace Is Associated with Lower Levels of Depressive and Burnout Symptoms, and Higher Levels of Life Satisfaction: A Nationwide Population-Based Study in Sweden. Int. J Environ. Res. and Public Health, 19(9), 5668. https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9100967/
Berman, M.G., Stenfors, C.U.D., Schertz, K.E., & Meidenbauer, K.L. (2021). Response to “Conceptual replication study and meta-analysis suggest simulated nature does not reliably restore pure executive attention measured by the Attention Network Task”, Journal of Environmental Psychology, 78:101719. ISSN 0272-4944. doi: 10.1016/j.jenvp.2021.101719 https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272494421001729?via%3Dihub
Stenfors, C.U.D., Magnusson Hanson, L. Leineweber, C. & Westerlund, H. (Feb 2021) "Arbetsförhållanden, levnadsvanor och hälsa före respektive efter Covid-19 pandemins början: En longitudinell kohortstudie av den svenska arbetande befolkningen” ["Working conditions, living habits and health before and after the Covid-19 pandemic: A longitudinal cohort study of Swedish working adults"] Governmental research report.
Lõhmus, M., Stenfors, C.U.D, Lind, T., Lauber, A., & Georgelis, A. (2021). Mental Health, Greenness, and Nature Related Behaviors in the Adult Population of Stockholm County during COVID-19-Related Restrictions. International journal of environmental research and public health, 18(6), 3303. https://www.mdpi.com/1660-4601/18/6/3303
Troije CP, Jensen EL, Stenfors C, Danielsson CB, Hoff E, Mårtensson F and Toivanen S (2021) Outdoor Office Work – An Interactive Research Project Showing the Way Out. Front. Psychol. 12:636091.
https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.636091/full
Andersson; C., Stenfors, C., Lilliengren, P., Einhorn, S. & Osika, W. (2021) Benevolence – Associations with Stress, Mental Health and Self-Compassion at the workplace. Frontiers in Psychology 12:568625. doi:10.3389/fpsyg.2021.568625
Meidenbauer, K., Stenfors, C.U.D., Gregory N. Bratman, G.N., Gross, J.J., Kathryn E. Schertz, K. E., Choe, K.W., Berman, M.G. (2020) The Affective Benefits of Nature Exposure: What’s Nature Got to Do with It? Journal of Environmental Psychology, 101498, ISSN 0272-4944. https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0272494420306630
Open access, final accepted manuscript at: https://psyarxiv.com/92w6f
Stenfors, C.U.D, Van Hedger, S. C., Schertz, K. E., Meyer, F., Smith, K. E., Norman, G., Bourrier, S. C., Enns, J. T., Kardan, O., Jonides, J., & Berman, M. G. (2019) Positive effects of nature on cognitive performance across multiple experiments: Test order but not affect modulates the cognitive effects. Frontiers in Psychology, 10:1413. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01413
Meidenbauer, K.L., Stenfors, C.U.D., Young, J., Layden, E.A., Schertz, K.E., Kardan, O., Decety, J. and Berman, M.G., (2019). The gradual development of the preference for natural environments. Journal of Environmental Psychology, p.101328. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jenvp.2019.101328 Open access at: https://psyarxiv.com/7hw83/
Meidenbauer, K.L., Stenfors, C.U.D., Ingram, M., & Berman, M. (2019) A tablet-based task for assessing environmental preferences in children and adults. Methods X, 6, 1901-1906. Open access at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mex.2019.08.002
Petersson C, Toivanen S, Stenfors C, Bodin Danielsson C, Mårtensson F, Hoff E, Lisberg Jensen E. (2019) Outdoor Office Work – hur funkar det? Forum för Arbetslivsforskning (FALF). ISBN: 978-91-7685-016-9
Stenfors, C. (2018). Naturliga vägar till mänsklig, social och ekologisk hållbarhet. Socialmedicinsk tidskrift, 95(2), 141-149. https://socialmedicinsktidskrift.se/index.php/smt/article/view/1749/1635
Persson, J., & Stenfors, C. (2018). Superior cognitive goal maintenance in carriers of genetic markers linked to reduced striatal D2 receptor density (C957T and DRD2/ANKK1-TaqIA). PloS one, 13(8), e0201837. PMID: 30125286.
Bäcklander, G., Rosengren, C., Falkman, L.L., Stenfors, C., Seddigh, A., Osika, W. and Stenström, E. (2018). Navigating the Activity Based Working Environment–Relationships of Self-Leadership, Autonomy and Information Richness with Cognitive Stress and Performance. Scandinavian Journal of Work and Organizational Psychology, 3(1).
Horwitz, E. B., Stenfors, C., & Osika, W. (2018). Writer's Block Revisited: A Micro-Phenomenological Case Study on the Blocking Influence of an Internalized Voice. Journal of Consciousness Studies, 25(3-4), 9-28.
Stenfors, C., Jonsdottir, I., Magnusson Hanson, L.L., Theorell, T. (2017) Associations between systemic pro-inflammatory markers, cognitive function and cognitive complaints in a population-based sample of working adults. Journal of Psychosomatic Research, 96, 49-59. http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.jpsychores.2017.03.010. PMID: 28545793.
Stenfors, C., Theorell, T., Magnusson Hanson, L. & Osika, W. (2016). Executive Cognitive Functioning & Cardiovascular Autonomic Regulation in a Population-Based sample of Working Adults. Frontiers in Psychology, 7, 1536. PMID: 27761124.
Seddigh, A, Stenfors, C., Berntson, E, Bååth, R, Sikström, S, & H, Westerlund. (2015) The association between office design and performance on demanding cognitive tasks, Journal of Environmental Psychology.
Stenfors, C, Marklund, P, Hanson, LLM, Theorell, T, Nilsson, L-G. (2014) Are subjective cognitive complaints related to memory functioning in the working population? BMC Psychology, 2:3.
Stenfors C, Marklund P, Magnusson Hanson LL, Theorell T, Nilsson L-G (2013). Subjective Cognitive Complaints and the Role of Executive Cognitive Functioning in the Working Population: A Case-Control Study. PLoS ONE 8(12): e83351. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0083351.
PMID: 24386185.
Stenfors, C, Hanson, LLM, Theorell, T, Oxenstierna, G, & Nilsson, L-G (2013). Psychosocial Working Conditions and Cognitive Complaints among Swedish Employees. PLoS ONE, 8(4). doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0060637. PMID: 23560101.
Bojner Horwitz, E, Stenfors, C, and Osika, W. (2013) Contemplative inquiry in movement- Managing writer's block in academic writing. International journal of transpersonal psychology.
Oxenstierna, G, Magnusson Hanson, LL, Widmark, M, Finnholm, K, Stenfors, C, Elofsson, S, and Theorell,T. (2011) Conflicts at Work- The Relationship with Workplace Factors, Work Characteristics and Self-rated Health. Industrial Health, 49:4, pp. 501-510.
BOOKS/CHAPTERS
Stenfors C, Bojner Horwitz E, Theorell T, Osika W. (2018) Similarities, disparities, and synergies with other complex interventions. DOI: 10.1093/med/9780198725916.003.0029 . Chapter 4.3. in: Oxford Textbook of Nature and Public Health - The Role of Nature in Improving the Health of a Population. Editors: M. van den Bosch & W. Bird. Oxford University Press.
https://oxfordmedicine.com/view/10.1093/med/9780198725916.001.0001/med-9780198725916-chapter-29
The textbook is available as an E-resource at the Stockholm University Library.
Stenfors, C. (2014) Hjärnhälsa- om stress och stärkande aktiviteter. Bokkapitel i Kulturhälsoboxen, red. Eva Bojner Horwitz. Gothia förlag.
Stenfors, C. (2013) Subjective cognitive complaints in the working population- the influence of cognitive functioning and working conditions. Doctoral thesis in Psychology, Stockholm University.
Teaching
My teaching activities include course leadership, teaching and supervision from basic to advanced level in psychology and environmental medicine, including e.g. research supervision, essay supervision at various levels, teaching in cogntitive psychology, environmental and occupational psychology, stress, neuropsychological testing, and statistical methods.
Research projects
Publications
A selection from Stockholm University publication database
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Nature visits buffered against loneliness during COVID-19, especially among those working mainly remotely. A population-based study of working adults in Sweden
Yannick Klein (et al.).
ArticleBackground
The COVID-19 pandemic and associated restrictions posed challenges to people’s private and work lives. There was a rapid shift from on-site to remote working for many working adults in Sweden and internationally, while opportunities for in-person social and leisure activities indoors were limited. One challenge was thus the risk of increased loneliness and social isolation, especially among those working more remotely. In this context, nature visits may potentially mitigate loneliness. This study thus investigates whether a higher degree of remote work during COVID-19 was related to increased loneliness and whether nature visits mitigated loneliness, especially for those working mainly remotely, for which studies are limited.
Methods
The sample comprised a subsample of respondents to the Swedish Longitudinal Occupational Survey of Health 2020 (n = 984). The effect of remote work, nature-related habits (NRH), and time on loneliness (before – during COVID-19) were analyzed using linear mixed models while controlling for confounders.
Results
In general, loneliness levels during COVID-19 were highest and increased the most compared to before the pandemic among the most remotely working individuals. Engaging daily in NRH was associated with lower levels of loneliness, particularly among individuals mostly working remotely. This was observed in a three-way interaction effect between remote work, NRH, and time on loneliness.
Conclusion
Daily nature visits may protect against loneliness during and beyond crises like COVID-19, particularly for those working mainly remotely. Policies preserving and facilitating access to natural environments may be crucial for promoting resilience during and beyond crises like COVID-19.
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More green, less depressed: Residential greenspace is associated with lower antidepressant redemptions in a nationwide population-based study
2024. Cecilia U. D. Stenfors (et al.). Landscape and Urban Planning 249
ArticleThe objective of the current study was to investigate, for the first time, the association between individual-level residential greenspace and redemption of antidepressant drugs in a longitudinal nationwide population-based sample in Sweden. A nationwide population-based sample of adults residing in Sweden was studied during 2013–2016 (Nindividuals = 108716; Nobservations = 324378). Residential greenspace land cover was assessed via high resolution geographic information systems, at 50, 100, 300, and 500 m buffers around individual residences. Antidepressant redemptions were assessed through the Swedish National Prescribed Drug Register. Greenspace-antidepressant associations were analyzed using generalized estimating equations (GEE), adjusting for demographic, socioeconomic and urban factors. Higher greenspace within 50–500 m residential buffer zones was associated with lower levels of prevalent antidepressant redemptions (50 m, odds ratio [OR] 0.878; 100 m, OR 0.891; 300 m, OR 0.873; 500 m, OR 0.899), while only greenspace in the 50 m buffer was associated with incident antidepressant redemptions (OR 0.853), in covariate-adjusted models. In conclusion, residential greenspace is associated with statistically significantly lower prevalent and incident antidepressant medication redemptions. The association is particularly salient for greenspace in the closest buffer zone around the residence. The results underscore the importance of green infrastructure and greenspace in the immediate residential-surrounding environment for mental health, and further point towards the need for an environmental psychiatry framework, and the importance of integrating health and environmental policies, urban planning and greening.
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The role of greenspace qualities at the nexus of human health and environmental sustainability and resilience to climate change and biodiversity loss
2024. Cecilia U. D. Stenfors (et al.). Enacting Transdisciplinar Knowledge: People, Places, Movements and Sustainabilities
ConferenceBackground: Human health and environmental sustainability constitute major local and global challenges which are also closely interconnected. Mental health and sleeping problems are e.g. public health concerns that are costly for society and for individuals.Exposure to natural environments such as green (vegetation) and blue (water) space are associated with a range of human health benefits, and are also central in biodiversity conservation and climate change mitigation. However, population-based studies investigating high-resolution, individual-level residential greenspace are yet limited, as population-based studies have mainly assessed greenspace at more crude aggregated levels. Objective & methods: Thus, in a set of large-scale population-based longitudinal studies, on nationwide cohorts in Sweden, objective high-resolution individual-level residential greenspace land cover assessments were made, including availability and access to different greenspace qualities (incl. of high biodiversity). The role of different residential greenspace qualities was investigated longitudinally for: 1) objective prescription medication purchase for common mental health problems, and 2) self-reported symptoms. Furthermore behaviour-related use and exposure to different types of natural environments were assessed in a sub-cohort, and their significance for multiple health indicators.Results & discussion: Results across studies show that more residential greenspace especially in the immediate residential surrounding (50m and 100m buffer zones around home) is associated with lower insomnia, antidepressant and anxiolytic prescription medication purchases, and less symptoms. Furthermore, spending time in nature especially in the home environment and forests were important for several aspects of mental health and health behaviours.Results highlight the role of greenspace in the immediate residential surroundings, as well as access to high quality greenspaces (i.e. larger coherent green areas conferring higher biodiversity) for mental health and health related behaviours. The multiple pathways through which different greenspace qualities can affect human health, while also contributing to biodiversity conservation and climate change mitigation and resilience are discussed.
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Development of nature-related habits and their relation to mental health outcomes during two years of the COVID-19 pandemic: a population-based study in Sweden
2024. Yannick Klein (et al.). Journal of Public Health
ArticleAims Spending time in natural environments has been linked to mental health benefits, and may have been an important resilience factor during the COVID-19 pandemic, but longitudinal studies are limited. This longitudinal study aimed to investigate the development of nature-related habits and their relationship to different mental health outcomes before and during early and later phases of COVID-19 (2019–2022). Furthermore, the buffering potential of nature-related habits on effects of major life events on mental health outcomes was investigated.
Subject and methods A subsample of the Swedish Longitudinal Occupational Survey of Health (SLOSH) was studied during 2018–2022, including follow-ups in early 2021 (n = 1902) and 2022 (n = 1580). Visits to various types of nature, mental health outcomes (symptoms of depression, anxiety, loneliness, sleep difficulties), and major life events were analyzed across the study period while controlling for confounders.
Results Greater overall engagement in nature visits, particularly visiting forests or using one’s garden, was associated with lower levels of depression, anxiety, loneliness, and sleep problems in early 2021 and 2022.
Importantly, changes in nature visits were consistently negatively associated with investigated mental health outcomes across the study period. All nature visits, except for garden time, increased in the long term (2019–2022). Visiting forests also increased in the short term, while overall nature visits initially decreased (2019–2020).
Conclusion Generally, nature visits increased longitudinally and were associated with better mental health outcomes during the COVID-19 pandemic. This underscores the importance of green- and blue-space accessibility for facilitating outdoor recreation in natural environments, to support resilience and public health during pandemics.
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Utvecklingen av den organisatoriska och psykosociala arbetsmiljön på den svenska arbetsmarknaden innan och under covid-19-pandemin (2014–2022): En longitudinell kohortstudie av arbetsmiljöns utveckling under tiden innan respektive i den tidiga samt senare fasen av pandemin, i den svenska longitudinella studien om sociala förhållanden, arbetsliv och hälsa (SLOSH)
2024. Cecilia U. D. Stenfors (et al.).
ReportIntroduktion och syfte
Den här forskningsrapporten är en fördjupande och longitudinell analys av arbetsmiljöns utveckling under en längre tidsperiod innan och under covid-19-pandemin (2014–2022), i ett urval av den arbetande befolkningen i Sverige. Rapporten är en del av uppdraget ”Arbetsmiljön före och under covid-19- pandemin i ett urval av den arbetande befolkningen i Sverige: The Swedish Longitudinal Occupational Survey of Health”.
Syftet med forskningsrapporten är att undersöka om det skett förändringar i form av statistiskt säkerställda trendbrott i de rapporterade nivåerna av olika arbetsmiljöfaktorer under den tidiga (2020) och/eller senare fasen (2022) av covid-19-pandemin, jämfört med utvecklingen (trenden) av de rapporterade nivåerna av arbetsmiljöfaktorerna under åren innan pandemin.
Syftet är vidare att undersöka om utvecklingen inom dessa arbetsmiljöområden ser olika ut bland olika grupper, utifrån bakgrundsfaktorer såsom kön, ålder, utbildningsnivå, socioekonomisk status samt yrkesgrupp, inklusive yrken med potential för distansarbete.
Undersökningen av arbetsmiljöns utveckling under studieperioden baseras på självrapporterade nivåer av psykosociala och organisatoriska arbetsmiljöfaktorer samt balans mellan arbete och privatliv.
Huvudfrågeställningarna i föreliggande forskningsrapport är sammanfattningsvis följande:
• Vilka arbetsmiljöförändringar skedde under covid-19-pandemins tidiga respektive senare fas, jämfört med tidsperioden innan pandemin? Har det skett något trendbrott i de rapporterade nivåerna av arbetsmiljöfaktorer under pandemin, jämfört med tidsperioden innan pandemin?
• Ser utvecklingen av arbetsmiljön under covid-19-pandemin olika ut beroende på kön, ålder, socioekonomiska indikatorer och typ av yrke?
Metod
Studieurvalet som analyserna i denna rapport grundar sig på utgörs av deltagare i den Svenska Longitudinella studien Om Sociala förhållanden, arbetsliv och Hälsa (SLOSH) under perioden 2014–2022. I SLOSH följs ett stort urvalav initialt arbetande män och kvinnor ur Sveriges arbetsbefolkning medfrågeformulär vartannat år.
Denna rapport baseras på svar och registeruppgifter från SLOSH-datainsamlingarna vid tre mättillfällen före covid-19-pandemin (2014, 2016, 2018), samt två mättillfällen efter pandemins början i Sverige, som inkluderar den tidiga (våren 2020) och senare fasen av pandemin (våren 2022). Urvalet i föreliggande analysrapport utgörs av 7 770 individer som har deltagit i SLOSH vid minst två av mättillfällena innan pandemin (2014, 2016, 2018), vid minst ett av mättillfällena efter pandemins början (2020, 2022) och som har varit förvärvsarbetande vid dessa mättillfällen, dvs. både innan och efter pandemins början.
Urvalet i SLOSH är representativt för hela Sverige och den svenska arbetsmarknaden. Det är dock en något större andel kvinnor än män bland de svarande, samt en viss överrepresentation av medelålders eller äldre personer i arbetslivet, gifta eller sammanboende personer, personer med en universitetsutbildning och tjänstemän. Frågorna från de aktuella mättillfällena i SLOSH som ingår i föreliggande analysrapport handlar om psykosociala (krav, kontroll och socialt stöd) och organisatoriska arbetsmiljöfaktorer (anställningsotrygghet, arbetstid), samt balans mellan arbete och privatliv. De frågor som ingår i analyserna har mätts på samma vis vid samtliga mättillfällen som studeras och är således jämförbara över tid.
Yrkesgrupper som undersöktes inkluderar yrken med potential för distansarbete respektive yrkesgrupper där arbetet som regel behöver utföras på den ordinarie arbetsplatsen. De senare grupperna inkluderar dels kontaktyrkesgruppernavård och omsorg, grundskola och barnomsorg samt yrken inom annan människoservice (servicearbeten inom t.ex. butiksförsäljning, restaurang, hotell), dels yrken med fokus på materiell tillverkning m.m. (manuella arbeten med låga utbildningskrav) samt övriga yrken (yrken med högre utbildning och som inte klassificeras i föregående grupper, t.ex. vissa ingenjörer).
Eventuella förändringar över tid undersöktes dels genom beskrivande statistik, dels genom analytisk statistik över tidstrender och trendbrott i sambandmed covid-19-pandemins tidiga (2020) respektive senare (2022) fas jämfört med trenden innan pandemin (2014, 2016, 2018). Det vill säga: analyserna undersökte hur de olika arbetsmiljöfaktorerna i studien utvecklats över studieperioden och huruvida det fanns trendbrott (skillnader) vid mätningarna under den tidiga respektive den senare fasen av pandemin, jämfört med nivån och utvecklingen av arbetsmiljöfaktorerna innan pandemin. Generalized estimating equations (GEE) användes för att analysera tidstrender och huruvida det skett trendbrott under pandemin. Det är en typ av regressionsanalys som är lämpad för longitudinella studier där man analyserar utvecklingen för samma individer över tid. I dessa analyser testades om mätningarna vid tidpunkterna efter pandemins början (våren 2020 respektive våren 2022) skilde sig från utvecklingen/tidstrenden av nivåerna innan pandemin. Frågan var alltså om nivåerna under pandemin avvek från den förväntade nivån utifrån utvecklingstrenden innan pandemin, på ett statistiskt säkerställt vis (utifrån 95 procents konfidensintervall, dvs. alpha 0,05).
Resultaten består således av både beskrivande och analytisk statistik samt tester av om de eventuella arbetsmiljöförändringarna över tid skilde sig åt för olika grupper i samhället utifrån ett antal bakgrundsfaktorer. Vidareanalyserades utvecklingen av arbetsmiljöfaktorerna inom olika yrkesgrupper på arbetsmarknaden, inklusive yrken med potential för distansarbete respektive olika yrkesgrupper där arbetsuppgifterna innebär att arbetstagaren i högre grad behöver vara på sin ordinarie arbetsplats.
Resultat
Här nedan redovisas statistiskt signifikanta resultat av analyserna.
Psykosocial arbetsmiljö - krav och resurserKrav och kontroll
Jämfört med utvecklingen av (tidstrenden för) den rapporterade nivån av krav och kontroll i arbetet under perioden innan covid-19-pandemin, visade de övergripande analyserna i hela studiepopulationen främst på:
• något lägre rapporterade nivåer av psykologiska krav i arbetet under pandemin, framför allt i början (2020)
• något högre rapporterade nivåer av kontroll i arbetet under pandemin och framför allt i den senare fasen (2022).
Krav i olika grupper:
En minskad rapporterad nivå av kvantitativa psykologiska krav i arbetet sågs framför allt i början av pandemin 2020 bland personer inom service-yrken, arbetare inom materiell tillverkning, vård och omsorg, bland personer inom övriga yrken (endast minskning i början av pandemin för dessa grupper); samt bland personer inom yrken med potential för distansarbete (här sågs en minskning både i början och ännu tydligare i slutet av pandemin).
Kontroll i olika grupper:
En ökad rapporterad nivå av kontroll sågs framför allt bland personer inom yrken med potential för distansarbete, inom materiell tillverkning samt i gruppen övriga yrken (med krav på högre utbildning).En viss ökning av kontroll sågs i början av pandemin inom vård- och omsorgsyrken. En större ökning av kontroll sågs även i den äldre åldersgruppen (≥ 56 år vid början av studieperioden) samt bland män, framför allt i den senare fasen av pandemin (2022).
Socialt stöd
Jämfört med utvecklingen av (tidstrenden för) den rapporterade nivån av socialt stöd under perioden före covid-19-pandemin, visade de övergripande analyserna i hela studiepopulationen främst på:
• en något högre rapporterad nivå av socialt stöd i arbetet, både i början (2020) och i den senare fasen av pandemin (2022).
Socialt stöd i olika grupper:
En ökning av den rapporterade nivån av socialt stöd i arbetet under pandemin, jämfört med perioden innan pandemin,sågs framför allt bland personer inom yrken med potential för distansarbete (tydligare i slutet av pandemin 2022, men även i början, 2020), samt inom övriga yrken (endast i slutet av pandemin 2022) och bland arbetare inom yrken med fokus på materiell tillverkning m.m. (endast i början av pandemin). Inom övriga yrkesgrupper sågs ingen ökning av socialt stöd i arbetet under pandemin.
Den organisatoriska arbetsmiljön
Jämfört med utvecklingen av (tidstrenden för) den rapporterade nivån av anställningsotrygghet och andelen med långa arbetstider under perioden före covid-19-pandemin, så visade de övergripande analyserna i hela studiepopulationen främst på:
• marginellt högre rapporterade nivåer av anställningsotrygghet, framför allt under början (2020), men även i den senare fasen av pandemin (2022)
• en lägre andel som rapporterade långa arbetstider (mer än 40 timmar per vecka) både i början (2020) och i den senare fasen av pandemin (2022).
Anställningsotrygghet i olika grupper:
En mer markant ökning av anställningsotrygghet i början av pandemin sågs framför allt bland personer inom serviceyrken och arbetare inom yrken med fokus på materiell tillverkningm.m. En tydlig ökning sågs även bland personer inom yrken med potential för distansarbete, samt inom övriga yrken. Bland dessa grupper fanns fortsatt en högre grad av anställningsotrygghet i slutet av pandemin jämfört med innan, men ökningen var störst i början av pandemin. En viss ökning av anställningsotrygghet sågs även bland personer med yrken inom grundskolaoch barnomsorg, som var tydligare senare under pandemin 2022. En marginell ökning av anställningsotrygghet sågs även senare under pandemin 2022 bland personer inom vård och omsorg.
Bland kvinnor ökade anställningsotryggheten mer än bland män vid 2022 års mätning, jämfört med perioden innan pandemin.
Långa arbetstider i olika grupper:
Andelen med långa arbetstider minskade från före till under pandemin bland personer inom yrken med potential för distansarbete (i början av pandemin 2020), arbetare inom materiell tillverkningm.m. samt bland personer inom övriga yrken (i början och slutet av pandemin). Bland personer med yrken inom vård och omsorg, grundskola och barnomsorg samt andra kontakt/service-yrken sågs ingen minskning av långa arbetstider.
Bland män sågs en tydlig minskning av långa arbetstider framför allt i slutet av pandemin (2022) medan ingen sådan minskning sågs bland kvinnor 2022. En viss minskning av långa arbetstider sågs däremot bland både män och kvinnor 2020.
Balans mellan arbete och privatlivArbetets inverkan på privatlivet
Jämfört med utvecklingen av (tidstrenden för) den rapporterade nivån av arbetets positiva vs negativa inverkan på privatlivet under perioden innan covid-19-pandemin, så visade de övergripande analyserna i hela studiepopulationen på:
• högre rapporterade nivåer av arbetets positiva inverkan på privatlivet under pandemin (endast mätt 2020)
• minskade rapporterade nivåer av arbetets negativa inverkan på privatlivet i början och i slutet av pandemin.
Arbetets inverkan på privatlivet, i olika grupper:
En ökning i den rapporterade nivån av arbetslivets positiva inverkan på privatlivet i början av pandemin 2020 (ej mätt 2022) sågs framför allt bland personer inom yrken med potential för distansarbete, inom yrken med fokus på annan människoservice samt inom gruppen övriga yrken med krav på högreutbildning. Ingen sådan förändring sågs bland yrkesgrupperna inom vård och omsorg, grundskola och barnomsorg eller arbeten inom materiell tillverkning m.m.
En minskning i den rapporterade nivån av arbetlivets negativa inverkan på privatlivet i början av pandemin (2020) sågs däremot bland samtligayrkesgrupper, förutom bland yrken inom grundskola och barnomsorg. Bland yrken med potential för distansarbete samt i gruppen övriga yrken (med krav på högre utbildning), sågs även en minskning senare under pandemin (2022) i den rapporterade nivån av arbetslivets negativa inverkan på privatlivet.
Privatlivets inverkan på arbetet
Jämfört med utvecklingen av (tidstrenden för) den rapporterade nivån av privatlivets positiva vs. negativa inverkan på arbetet under perioden innan covid-19-pandemin, så visade de övergripande analyserna i hela studiepopulationen på:
• högre rapporterade nivåer av privatlivets positiva inverkan på arbetet under pandemin (endast mätt 2020)
• lägre rapporterade nivåer av privatlivets negativa inverkan på arbetet i början (2020) och i slutet (2022) av pandemin.
Privatlivets inverkan på arbetet i olika grupper:
Vid undersökning av utvecklingen inom olika yrkesgrupper sågs en ökning i den rapporterade nivån av privatlivets positiva inverkan på arbetet endast bland personer inom yrken med potential för distansarbete samt inom vård och omsorg. Ingen förändring sågs i de andra yrkesgrupperna.
En minskning av privatlivets negativa inverkan på arbetet sågs däremot både i början (2020), samt under den senare fasen av pandemin (2022) bland samtliga yrkesgrupper, förutom bland yrken inom grundskola och barnomsorg. Bland personer med yrken inom vård och omsorg sågs endast en viss minskning i början av pandemin.
En tydligare minskning av privatlivets negativa inverkan på arbetslivet sågs bland män (jämfört med kvinnor), bland arbetare (jämfört med tjänstemän) samt bland personer utan barn (jämfört med personer med barn), i den senare fasen av pandemin 2022 jämfört med innan pandemin.
Slutsatser
Resultaten tyder på flera förändringar i arbetsmiljön för den arbetande befolkningen i Sverige i samband med covid-19-pandemin, jämfört med perioden innan pandemin. Dock kan de observerade förändringarna på gruppnivå överlag anses små. Det kan indikera att för dem som fortsättningsvis arbetat under pandemin, har det på gruppnivå inte skett så stora förändringari de undersökta arbetsmiljöfaktorerna. Detta skulle kunna ha att göra med att Sverige hade relativt sett milda restriktioner och ingen full nedstängning. Resultaten pekar dock på flera förbättringar avseende arbetsmiljösituationen, framför allt inom gruppen med yrken där potentialen för att utföra arbetsuppgifter på distans är god.
Generellt sågs en ökning av anställningsotrygghet, framförallt i början av pandemin, med viss återhämtning i slutet av pandemin 2022, dock inte bland kvinnor. En minskning av långa arbetstider sågs, och mer så bland män 2022, samt bland yrken med potential för distansarbete, inom materiell tillverkning samt i gruppen ”övriga yrken” med krav på högre utbildning. Psykologiska krav minskade något, medan kontroll ökade något. Både kontroll ochsocialt stöd ökade framför allt inom yrken med potential för distansarbete, materiell tillverkning och i gruppen övriga yrken. Dessa ökningar sågs inte inom kontaktyrkesgrupperna där färre positiva förändringar under pandemin generellt observerades.
Slutligen tyder resultaten på en generellt bättre balans mellan arbetet ochprivatlivet i början och i slutet av pandemin.
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New Approaches to Addressing Climate Change and Biodiversity Loss: A Study on trainable/modifiable determinants of Pro-Environmental Attitudes and Behaviour
2024. Walter Osika, Cecilia U. D. Stenfors, Christine Wamsler.
ConferenceBackground & methods: Traditional methods to combat climate change and biodiversity loss have proven insufficient. New approaches are thus needed, e.g., such that bridges personal and organizational realms of transformation. In this study, decision-makers (N=185) in the EU participated in a survey encompassing trainable transformative psychological qualities, mental training (incl. different types of contemplative practices), well-being, stress, and pro-environmental behaviours (incl. both actions and attitudes).
Results & discussion: Findings revealed a discrepancy between psychological qualities/processes associated with pro-environmental behaviour vs. well-being. Specifically, compassion towards others was associated with pro-environmental actions but was not associated with personal well-being. On the other hand, compassion towards oneself (“self-compassion”) was associated with wellbeing, but not with pro-environmental actions. Nature connectedness was associated with a range of positive outcomes. Furthermore, results show that mental training, especially with longer duration, are linked to increased pro-environmental behaviours, and to well-being. Importantly, at an organizational level, workplace sustainability efforts, from top management to personal contributions, were interrelated and can guide future interventions.
Interventions and strategies for enhancing pro-environmental behaviours important in the work towards mitigating biodiversity loss and climate change are discussed.
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Longitudinal associations between psychedelic use and psychotic symptoms in the United States and the United Kingdom
2024. Ludwig Honk (et al.). Journal of Affective Disorders 351, 194-201
ArticleIt has long been speculated that psychedelic use could provoke the onset of psychosis, but there is little evidence to support this conjecture. Using a longitudinal research design with samples representative of the US and UK adult populations with regard to sex, age, and ethnicity (n = 9732), we investigated associations between psychedelic use and change in the number of psychotic symptoms during the two-month study period. In covariate-adjusted regression models, psychedelic use during the study period was not associated with a change in the number of psychotic symptoms unless it interacted with a personal or family history of bipolar disorder, in which case the number of symptoms increased, or with a personal (but not family) history of psychotic disorders, in which case the number of symptoms decreased. Taken together, these findings indicate that psychedelic use may affect psychotic symptoms in individuals with a personal or family history of certain disorders characterized by psychotic symptomatology.
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Longitudinal associations between psychedelic use and unusual visual experiences in the United States and the United Kingdom
2024. Otto Simonsson (et al.). Journal of Psychopharmacology 38 (1), 110-115
ArticleBackground: Whereas findings from case reports and cross-sectional studies suggest that naturalistic psychedelic use may be associated with unusual visual experiences that occur after the acute pharmacological effects have subsided, such findings need to be replicated in longitudinal studies to better understand potential cause-and-effect relationships.
Aims: To investigate longitudinal associations between naturalistic psychedelic use and unusual visual experiences.
Methods: Using a longitudinal observational research design with samples representative of the US and UK adult populations with regard to sex, age, and ethnicity (N = 9732), we investigated the relationship between psychedelic use during the 2-month study period and changes in past-week unusual visual experiences.
Results: The follow-up survey was completed by 79% of respondents (n = 7667), with 100 respondents reporting psychedelic use during the 2-month study period (1.3% of those who responded at follow-up). In covariate-adjusted regression models, the results showed that, as hypothesized, psychedelic use during the 2-month study period was associated with greater increases in unusual visual experiences. Notably, there was an interaction between lifetime psychedelic use and psychedelic use during the study period on unusual visual experiences such that those who used psychedelics for the first time reported greater increases in unusual visual experiences.
Conclusions: Psychedelic use may elicit unusual visual experiences that occur after the acute pharmacological effects have subsided, especially among those who have not used psychedelics previously. Future longitudinal studies are warranted to further elucidate these relationships.
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The role of residential greenspace qualities and it’s closeness for mental health and sleep outcomes: Results from longitudinal studies on nationwide population-based cohorts in Sweden with fine-grained assessments
2023. Cecilia U. D. Stenfors (et al.). International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 136
ConferenceBackground: Mental health and sleeping problems are public health concerns associated with vast costs for society and individuals. Exposure and access to natural environments in terms of greenspace (vegetation) are associated with a range of benefits such as enhanced affect and cognition, and decreased stress. However, population-based studies investigating high-resolution, individual-level residential greenspace are yet lacking, as population-based studies have mainly assessed greenspace at the level of larger areas rather than the individual level. Furthermore, studies on residential greenspace and sleep are scarce.
Objective & methods: Thus, in a set of large-scale population-based longitudinal studies, on nationwide cohorts in Sweden, objective high-resolution individual-level residential greenspace land cover assessments were made and the role of different greenspace qualities were investigated longitudinally for: 1) self-reported sleeping problems (n = 19 375), 2) objective prescription medication purchase in terms of a) insomnia medications and b) antidepressants (n = 99 036), while controlling for individual and neighbourhood confounders. Multilevel and generalized estimating equation models were conducted to estimate effects.
Results: Results across studies showed that more residential greenspace primarily in the immediate residential surrounding (50 m and 100 m buffer zones around home) is associated with 1) less sleeping problems, and 2) lower risk of purchasing insomnia and antidepressant prescription medications. Furthermore, among physically active, greenspace further from home also associated with less sleeping problems.
Conclusions: Results highlight the role of greenspace in the immediate residential surroundings for mental health and sleep outcomes, and the importance of integrating health-, environmental-, urban development- and greening policies, also mitigating climate change.
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Green sleep: Immediate residential greenspace and access to larger green areas are associated with better sleep quality, in a longitudinal population-based cohort
2023. Cecilia U. D. Stenfors (et al.). Environmental Research 234
ArticleObjective: Sleep is pivotal to health, wellbeing and functioning in daily life, but sleep difficulties are common and may be affected by modifiable qualities in the residential surrounding environment, in terms of greenspace. However, population-based studies on individual-level greenspace and sleep are limited. The objective of the current study was thus to investigate prospective associations between fine-grained individual-level residential greenspace and sleep, and moderating effects of life style (physical activity, work status) and sex, in a nationwide population-based Swedish cohort.
Methods: Participants of the Swedish Longitudinal Occupational Survey of Health (SLOSH)-a population-based sample of adults in Sweden-were studied during 2014-2018 (19,375 individuals; 43,062 observations). Residential greenspace land cover, and coherent green area size, were assessed via high resolution geographic information systems, at 50, 100, 300, 500 and 1000 m buffers around residences. Prospective greenspace and sleep associations were assessed via multilevel general linear models, adjusting for demographic, socioeconomic (individual and neighborhood), life style and urban factors.
Results: Higher greenspace availability in the immediate residential surroundings (50 m and 100 m buffer zones) was associated with less sleep difficulties, even after adjustment for confounders. Greenspace effects were generally greater among non-working individuals. Among the physically active, and among non-working, greenspace and green area size further away from home (300, 500 and 1000 m, i.e. dependent on mobility) were also associated with less sleep difficulties.
Conclusions: Residential greenspace in the immediate residential surroundings is associated with significantly less sleep difficulties. Greenspace further away from home was associated with better sleep especially among the physically active, and non-working individuals. The results highlight the importance of greenspace in the immediate residential-surrounding environment for sleep, and the need to integrate health and environmental policies, urban planning and greening.
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Nature-related habits and their development and relation to mental health outcomes during the covid-19 pandemic: a population-based study in Sweden
2023. Yannick Klein (et al.). International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 136
ConferenceBackground: Mental health disorders represent a major public health concern, and significantly contribute to the global burden of disease. The Covid-19 pandemic posed additional challenges for mental health. Spending time in natural environments has been linked to numerous health benefits.
Purpose: Therefore, the present study investigated the role of different types of nature-related habits for symptoms of depression, anxiety, and loneliness, and their development during the pandemic 2019–2022, in Sweden. Further, we investigated whether nature habits could buffer negative effects of major life events on mental health outcomes (MHO).
Method: Different types of nature-related habits, symptoms of depression, anxiety, loneliness, major life events, and control variables were assessed via self-report measures, in a sub-sample of respondents to the Swedish Occupational Survey of Health, in 2021 (n = 1 896), and 2022 (n = 1 579). Sequential linear regressions were conducted to analyze relationships between nature-related habits and MHO, while controlling for demographics, SES, relationship status, and pre-pandemic MHO.
Results: Spending time in nature was consistently associated with fewer symptoms of depression, anxiety, and loneliness during the pandemic after adjusting for control variables. Especially spending time in forest and garden environments were associated with better mental health. Spending time in garden environments buffered effects of major life events on symptoms of depression and anxiety, but not loneliness. Increased nature habits during the pandemic related to improved MHO.
Conclusions: Spending time in natural environments during the Covid-19 pandemic led to better MHO, with implications for urban development and public health promotion.
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Vår relation till naturen – ett nexus för mänsklig, ekologisk och planetär hållbarhet, samt resiliens vid kriser
2023. Cecilia U. D. Stenfors. Socialmedicinsk Tidskrift 100 (3), 509-524
ArticleAccess to and contact with natural environments is associated with both bet-ter mental and physical health, with positive effects on several aspects of well-being, cognitive performance and creativity, and recovery from mental strain, and is also associated with lower redemption of psychotropic prescrip-tion medications. Access to and contact with nature is also an important resi-lience factor during crises, such as the covid-19 pandemic. Protection and regeneration of natural environments, including green and blue environments, and promoting contact with nature both inside and outside city boarders, and working actively for the integration of nature into the design of our living envi-ronments and lifestyles, are thus central to human, social and environmental sustainability and planetary health, biodiversity, and resilience to crises such as pandemics and climate change.
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Fostering collective climate action and leadership: Insights from a pilot experiment involving mindfulness and compassion
2023. Lena Ramstetter (et al.). iScience 26 (3)
ArticleRecent research suggests that mindfulness, compassion, and self-compassion relate to inner transformative qualities/capacities and intermediary factors that can support increased pro-environmental behavior and attitudes across individual, collective, organizational, and system levels. However, current insights focus on the individual level, are restricted to certain sustainability fields, and wider experimental evidence is scarce and contradictory. Our pilot study addresses this gap and tests the aforementioned proposition in the context of an intervention: an EU Climate Leadership Program for high-level decision-makers. The intervention was found to have significant effects on transformative qualities/capacities, intermediary factors, and pro-environmental behaviors and engagement across all levels. The picture is, however, more complex for pro-environmental attitudes. With due limitations (e.g., small sample size), this preliminary evidence confirms the feasibility and potential of mindfulness- and compassion-based interventions to foster inner-outer transformation for sustainability and climate action. Aspects that should be taken into account in larger confirmatory trials are discussed.
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Organisatorisk och psykosocial arbetsmiljö på den svenska arbetsmarknaden under coronapandemin: En del av regeringsuppdraget Coronapandemins konsekvenser för arbetsmiljön i Sverige
2023. Linda Magnusson Hanson (et al.).
ReportIntroduktion och syfte med rapporten
Coronapandemin (Covid-19 pandemin) innebar en rad restriktioner och en påföljande ekonomisk kris, som påverkade mångas arbetsliv och privatliv. Det finns emellertid fortfarande få svenska och internationella populationsbaserade studier om arbetsmiljöförändringarna i samband med coronapandemin, som fokuserar på olika sektorer utöver vård-/omsorgssektorn, och som är representativa för den arbetande befolkningen.
Syftet med denna rapport är att undersöka hur upplevelsen bland den arbetande befolkningen i Sverige har förändrats i samband med coronapandemin, vad gäller den organisatoriska och psykosociala arbetsmiljön samt balans mellan arbetet och privatlivet. Syftet är även att undersöka om de eventuella förändringarna inom dessa arbetsmiljöområden skiljer sig åt beroende av bakgrundsfaktorer såsom kön, ålder, utbildningsnivå, socioekonomisk status, yrkesgrupp, samt distansarbete under coronapandemin.
Metod
Urvalet till analyserna i denna rapport är hämtat från den Svenska Longitudinella studien Om Sociala förhållanden, arbetsliv och Hälsa (SLOSH). Denna studie följer ett stort urval av initialt arbetande män och kvinnor ur Sveriges arbetande befolkning vartannat år med frågeformulär. Det genomfördes även en kompletterande webbundersökning i ett urval från SLOSH kallad ”SLOSH-corona” under 2021 (under ”mitten av coronapandemin”) och under 2022 (under ”slutet av coronapandemin”). Den fokuserade på arbetsmiljön, den sociala situationen, samt hälsan och hälsobeteenden i samband med coronapandemin.
Denna rapport använder uppgifter från SLOSH-datainsamlingarna under våren 2018 (före coronapandemin), under våren 2020 (”i början av corona pandemin”), samt från SLOSH-corona 2021 och 2022. Det gäller uppgifter från totalt 1 345 individer som har deltagit i både SLOSH 2018 och 2020, samt som har arbetat både före coronapandemin och vid något av insamlingstillfällena under coronapandemin. De svarande i urvalet är representativa för hela Sverige och den svenska arbetsmarknaden. Men de bestod bland annat av en något större andel kvinnor än män, samt av en övervägande andel medelålders eller äldre personer i arbetslivet, gifta eller sammanboende personer, personer med en universitetsutbildning, samt tjänstemän. Frågeformulären innehöll uppgifter om en rad arbetsmiljöfaktorer som indelats i kategorierna; den organisatoriska arbetsmiljön, krav och resurser, den sociala arbetsmiljön, samt balans mellan arbete och privatliv.
Eventuella förändringar över tid undersöktes i huvudsak genom regressionsanalyser. Dessa jämförde svaren på frågorna från någon av de insamlingar som gjordes under coronapandemin, med svaren på samma frågor från insamlingarna före coronapandemin. De svarande rapporterade själva för några faktorer, om de upplevde en förändring jämfört med före coronapandemin. Resultaten består därmed av både beskrivande och analytisk statistik samt tester av om de eventuella arbetsmiljöförändringarna över tid skilde sig åt beroende av ett antal bakgrundsfaktorer, samt på grund av om arbete skett från en ordinarie arbetsplats eller på distans/hemifrån.
Resultat
Organisatorisk arbetsmiljö
Jämfört med före coronapandemin, så visade de övergripande analyserna i hela urvalet främst på:
- en betydligt högre andel som arbetade på distans/hemifrån under coronapandemin.
- en lägre andel som jobbade långa arbetstider (mer än 40 timmar per vecka) under coronapandemin.
- att en relativt stor andel upplevde att arbetsuppgifterna ökade, och framför allt från början till mitten av coronapandemin.
Förändringar i den organisatoriska arbetsmiljön skilde sig främst åt beroende på aspekter som utbildning och socioekonomi. Exempelvis så ökade förekomsten av distansarbete tydligare bland högutbildade personer och tjänstemän. Förekomsten av långa arbetstider minskade samtidigt mer markant i dessa grupper. Förekomsten av långa arbetstider ökade däremot i stället bland personer med yrken som fokuserar på vården/omsorgen och andra kontaktyrken.
Krav och resurser
Jämfört med före coronapandemin, visade de övergripande analyserna främst på:
- något lägre nivåer av psykologiska krav i arbetet under coronapandemin.
- något högre nivåer av kontroll/beslutsutrymme i arbetet under coronapandemin.
- en lägre andel med spänt arbete (höga psykologiska krav och en låg kontroll/ett lågt beslutsutrymme) under coronapandemin.
- att en relativt stor andel upplevde en ökad arbetsmängd och en psykisk arbetsbelastning (vilket skulle kunna handla om en anpassning och en hantering av sina känslor i olika arbetssituationer) under coronapandemin.
- marginellt högre nivåer av anställningsotrygghet, men endast under början av coronapandemin.
En ökning av anställningsotryggheten var tydligare bland personer med yrken som fokuserar på materiell tillverkning i början av pandemin (såsom yrken inom byggverksamhet och tillverkning, maskinell tillverkning och transport, lantbruk, trädgård, skogsbruk, samt fiske). En ökad arbetsmängd och en psykisk arbetsbelastning var tydligast bland kvinnor och personer som arbetar inom yrken med fokus på vården/omsorgen och grundskolan/barnomsorgen. De med yrken inom vården/omsorgen, upplevde emellertid även att beslutsutrymmet ökat i en större utsträckning. Det var även de personer som hade arbetet på sin ordinarie arbetsplats under coronapandemin som i en högre grad upplevde att arbetsmängden och den psykiska arbetsbelastningen hade ökat. De personer som delvis eller mestadels arbetade på distans/hemifrån upplevde en ökad kontroll/ett ökat beslutsutrymme i en högre grad, samt ett ökat inflytande.
Social arbetsmiljö
Jämfört med före coronapandemin, visade de övergripande analyserna främst på:
- en lägre nivå av ett socialt stöd i arbetet under slutet av coronapandemin.
- att en relativt hög andel deltagare upplevde ökade konflikter med andra (t.ex. patienter, kunder, elever, passagerare) under coronapandemin.
- att en relativt hög andel deltagare upplevde en försämrad stämning och ett försämrat samarbete på arbetsplatsen under coronapandemin.
Socialt stöd hade minskat speciellt för vården och omsorgspersonalen, samt bland de personer som hade jobbat på sin ordinarie arbetsplats under coronapandemin. Ökade konflikter med andra var även tydligast bland de som jobbat på sin ordinarie arbetsplats under coronapandemin. En försämrad stämning på arbetsplatsen var tydligast bland de personer som jobbade inom yrken med ett fokus på grundskolan och barnomsorgen, samt inom andra kontaktyrken och bland högutbildade. Det var tydligare med en försämrad sammanhållning och ett försämrat samarbete på arbetsplatsen bland högutbildade personer och tjänstemän, samt bland de som arbetat på distans/hemifrån.
Balans mellan arbete och privatliv
Att arbetssituationen under coronapandemin påverkade privatlivet på ett positivt sätt var en vanligare upplevelse än att det hade en negativ påverkan. Det var även vanligare med en upplevelse av att privatlivet påverkade arbetssituationen på ett positivt sätt, än på ett negativt.
Det var vanligare bland de som arbetat på distans under coronapandemin, att arbetssituationen påverkade privatlivet på ett positivt sätt, eller att privatlivet påverkade arbetssituationen på ett positivt sätt. För de personer som hade yrken fokuserade inom vården/omsorgen och inom grundskolan/barnomsorgen var det vanligare med en upplevelse av att arbetssituationen påverkade privatlivet på ett negativt sätt.
Slutsatser
Resultaten från dessa analyser tyder på flera förändringar inom den organisatoriska arbetsmiljön, i samband med coronapandemin. Det gäller främsten generell ökning av distansarbete, och en generell minskning av arbetstider. Resultaten var mindre tydliga vad gäller krav och resurser i arbetet. De psykologiska kraven minskade något, medan kontroll/beslutsutrymme ökade något. Det innebar en lägre andel deltagare med spänt arbete under pandemin, vilket kan tyda på en generell förbättring av balans mellan denna typ av krav och resurser. Det fanns samtidigt indikationer på en ökning av vissa typer av krav åtminstone för vissa grupper på arbetsmarknaden, till exempel vad gäller arbetsmängden och den psykiska arbetsbelastningen. Resultaten tyder vidare på en generell försämring i den sociala arbetsmiljön, och en relativt god balans mellan arbetet och privatlivet. Det finns emellertid betydande skillnader framför allt beroende av yrkesgrupper och distansarbete. Resultaten tyder exempelvis på en ökning av vissa typer av krav, och en försämring av vissa typer av sociala arbetsmiljöfaktorer bland de som arbetat inom hälso-/ sjukvårds- och utbildningssektorn, samt bland de som arbetat på sin ordinarie arbetsplats. Vidare så tyder resultaten på en relativt god balans mellan arbetet och privatlivet, men på en försämring av andra sociala arbetsmiljöfaktorer bland högutbildade personer och tjänstemän, samt bland de som arbetat på distans/hemifrån.
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Altered states of leadership: mindfulness meditation, psychedelic use, and leadership development
2023. Otto Simonsson (et al.). Frontiers in Psychology 14
ArticleBackgroundPrevious research suggests that mindfulness meditation and psychedelic substances show promise as mental health interventions, but relatively little remains known about their potential impact on leadership outcomes. AimsThis study aimed to investigate if and how mindfulness meditation and psychedelic use may impact leadership among respondents with a management position as their primary role at work. MethodsUsing samples representative of the US and UK adult populations with regard to sex, age, and ethnicity, this study used quantitative and qualitative methods to examine if and how mindfulness meditation and psychedelic use may impact leadership. ResultsAmong respondents with a management position as their primary role at work (n = 3,150), 1,373 reported having tried mindfulness meditation and 559 reported having tried psychedelics. In covariate-adjusted regression analyses, both lifetime number of hours of mindfulness meditation practice and greater psychological insight during respondents' most intense psychedelic experience were associated with describing a positive impact on leadership (ORs = 2.33, 3.49; ps < 0.001), while qualitative analyses revealed nuances in the type of impacts mindfulness meditation and psychedelic use had on leadership. There were several subthemes (e.g., focus, creativity, patience, empathy, compassion) that were frequently reported with both mindfulness meditation and psychedelic use. There were also unique subthemes that were more commonly reported with mindfulness meditation (e.g., improved sleep, stress reduction, calming effects) and psychedelic use (e.g., greater self-understanding, less hierarchical attitudes toward colleagues, positive changes in interpersonal attitudes and behaviors), respectively. ConclusionAlthough causality cannot be inferred due to the research design, the findings in this study suggest potential complementary effects of mindfulness meditation and psychedelic use on leadership, which could inspire new approaches in leadership development.
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Longitudinal associations between psychedelic use and meditation practices in the United States and the United Kingdom
2023. Otto Simonsson (et al.). Psychological Medicine
ArticleBackground. Previous research has proposed that there may be potential synergies between psychedelic and meditation interventions, but there are still knowledge gaps that merit further investigation.Methods. Using a longitudinal observational research design with samples representative of the US and UK adult population with regard to sex, age, and ethnicity (N = 9732), we investigated potential associations between self-reported psychedelic use and meditation practice.Results. The follow-up survey was completed by 7667 respondents (79% retention rate), with 100 respondents reporting psychedelic use during the 2-month study period (1.3% of follow-up respondents). In covariate-adjusted regression models, psychedelic use during the study period was associated with greater increases in the number of days of mindfulness meditation practice in the past week (B = 0.40, p = 0.004). Among those who reported psychedelic use during the study period, covariate-adjusted regression models revealed that the subjective experience of insight during respondents' most intense psychedelic experience in that period was also associated with greater increases in the number of days of mindfulness and loving-kindness or compassion meditation practice in the past week (B = 0.42, p = 0.021; B = 0.38, p = 0.017). Notably, more days of loving-kindness or compassion meditation practice in the past week at baseline was associated with less severe subjective feelings of death or dying during respondents' most intense psychedelic experience in the study period (B = -0.29, p = 0.037).Conclusions. Psychedelic use might lead to greater engagement with meditation practices such as mindfulness meditation, while meditation practices such as loving-kindness or compassion medication might buffer against certain challenging experiences associated with psychedelic use.
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Classic Psychedelics and Human–Animal Relations
2022. Elin Pöllänen (et al.). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19 (13)
ArticlePrevious research has found associations between classic psychedelic use and nature-relatedness, but the link between classic psychedelic use and human–animal relations remains largely unexplored. Using data representative of the US adult population, with regard to age, sex and ethnicity (N = 2822), this pre-registered study assessed lifetime classic psychedelic use, ego dissolution during respondents’ most intense experience using a classic psychedelic, and three measures related to human–animal relations: speciesism, animal solidarity and desire to help animals. The results showed that lifetime classic psychedelic use was negatively associated with speciesism (β = −0.07, p = 0.002), and positively associated with animal solidarity (β = 0.04, p = 0.041), but no association was found with desire to help animals (β = 0.01, p = 0.542). Ego dissolution during the respondents’ most intense experience using a classic psychedelic was negatively associated with speciesism (β = −0.17, p < 0.001), and positively associated with animal solidarity (β = 0.18, p < 0.001) and desire to help animals (β = 0.10, p = 0.007). The findings indicate that classic psychedelics and ego dissolution may have an impact on human–animal relations. As these results cannot demonstrate causality, however, future studies should use longitudinal research designs to further explore the potential causal link between classic psychedelic use and human–animal relations.
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Residential Greenspace Is Associated with Lower Levels of Depressive and Burnout Symptoms, and Higher Levels of Life Satisfaction: A Nationwide Population-Based Study in Sweden
2022. Yannick Klein (et al.). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 19 (9)
ArticlePopulation-based studies of individual-level residential greenspace and mental health outcomes are still limited. Thus, the present study investigates greenspace–mental health associations—including depressive symptoms, burnout symptoms, and life satisfaction—in a population-based sample of adults, the Swedish Longitudinal Occupational Survey of Health, in 2016 (n = 14,641). High-resolution land cover of greenspace and green–blue-space was assessed at 50, 100, 300 and 500 m buffers around residential addresses. Higher residential greenspace and green–blue-space were associated with lower levels of depressive and burnout symptoms among non-working individuals and with higher life satisfaction in the whole study population, after controlling for age, sex, individual income, and neighborhood socioeconomics. The immediate residential-surrounding environment (50 m) consistently showed the strongest associations with the outcomes. Having a partner was associated with better mental health outcomes and with having more residential greenspace, and adjusting for this rendered greenspace–health associations mostly statistically non-significant. In conclusion, higher levels of greenspace and green–blue-space in the immediate residential-surrounding environment were associated with better mental health outcomes in the present study, which contributes additional nuances to prior studies. The importance of residential greenspace for public health, urban planning, and development is discussed.
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Mental Health, Greenness, and Nature Related Behaviors in the Adult Population of Stockholm County during COVID-19-Related Restrictions
2021. Mare Lõhmus (et al.). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 18 (6)
ArticleInternational data suggest that exposure to nature is beneficial for mental health and well-being. The restrictions related to the COVID-19 pandemic have created a setting that allows us to investigate the importance of greenness exposure on mental health during a period of increased isolation and worry. Based on 2060 responses from an online survey in Stockholm County, Sweden, we investigated: (1) whether the COVID-19 pandemic changed peoples' lifestyle and nature-related habits, and (2) if peoples' mental health differed depending on their exposure to greenness. Neighborhood greenness levels were quantified by using the average normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI) within 50 m, 100 m, 300 m, and 500 m buffers surrounding the participant's place of residence. We found that the number of individuals that reported that they visited natural areas "often" was significantly higher during the pandemic than before the pandemic. Higher levels of greenness surrounding one's location of residence were in general associated with higher mental health/well-being and vitality scores, and less symptoms of depression, anxiety, and perceived and cognitive stress, after adjustments for demographic variables and walkability. In conclusion, the results from the present study provided support to the suggestion that contact with nature may be important for mental health in extreme circumstances.
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Benevolence - Associations With Stress, Mental Health, and Self-Compassion at the Workplace
2021. Christina Andersson (et al.). Frontiers in Psychology 12
ArticleObjective: Benevolence is an emerging concept in motivation theory and research as well as in on pro-social behavior, which has stimulated increasing interest in studying factors that impair or facilitate benevolence and effects thereof. This exploratory study examines the associations between benevolence, stress, mental health, self-compassion, and satisfaction with life in two workplace samples.
Methods: In the first study n = 522 (38% = female, median age = 42) participants answered questionnaires regarding self-reported stress symptoms (i.e., emotional exhaustion), depressive symptoms and benevolence. In the second study n = 49 (female = 96%) participants answered questionnaires regarding perceived stress, self-compassion, anxiety, depression symptoms, and benevolence.
Results: In study 1, measures of emotional exhaustion (r = −0.295) and depression (r = −0.190) were significantly negatively correlated with benevolence. In study 2, benevolence was significantly negatively correlated with stress (r = −0.392) and depression (r = −0.310), whereas self-compassion (0.401) was significantly positively correlated with benevolence. While correlations were in expected directions, benevolence was not significantly associated with Satisfaction with Life (r = 0.148) or anxiety (r = −0.199) in study 2.
Conclusion: Self-assessed benevolence is associated with levels of perceived stress, exhaustion, depression, and self-compassion. Future studies are warranted on how benevolence is related to stress and mental ill health such as depression and anxiety, and if benevolence can be trained in order to decrease stress and mental ill health such as depression and anxiety in workplace settings.
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Outdoor Office Work
2021. Charlotte Petersson Troije (et al.). Frontiers in Psychology 12
ArticleThe physical boundaries of office work have become increasingly flexible. Work is conducted at multiple locations outside the office, such as at clients' premises, at home, in cafés, or when traveling. However, the boundary between indoor and outdoor environment seems to be strong and normative regarding how office work is performed. The aim of this study was to explore how office work may be conducted outdoors, understanding how it is being experienced by office employees and identifying its contextual preconditions. Based on a two-year interactive research project, the study was conducted together with a Swedish municipality. Fifty-eight participants engaged in the collaborative learning process, including 40 half-day workshops and reflective group discussions, co-interviews, and participants' independent experimentation of bringing work activities outdoors. Data was collected via interviews, group discussions and a custom-made mobile application. The results showed that a wide range of work activities could be done outdoors, both individually and in collaboration with others. Outdoor work activities were associated with many positive experiences by contributing to a sense of well-being, recovery, autonomy, enhanced cognition, better communication, and social relations, but also with feelings of guilt and illegitimacy. Conditions of importance for outdoor office work to happen and function well were found in the physical environment, where proximity to urban greenspaces stood out as important, but also in the sociocultural and organizational domains. Of crucial importance was managers' attitudes, as well as the overall organizational culture on this idea of bringing office work outdoors. To conclude, if working life is to benefit from outdoor office work, leaders, urban planners and policymakers need to collaborate and show the way out.
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The affective benefits of nature exposure
2020. Kimberly L. Meidenbauer (et al.). Journal of Environmental Psychology 72
ArticleNature interactions have been demonstrated to produce reliable affective benefits. While adults demonstrate strong preferences for natural environments over urban ones, it is not clear whether these affective benefits result from exposure to nature stimuli per se, or result from viewing a highly preferred stimulus. In one set of studies (Study 1 and 2), state affect before and after image viewing was examined as a function of both preference level (high, low, very high, or very low aesthetic value) and environment type (nature or urban). When aesthetic value was matched, no differences in affect change were found between environments. However, affect change was predicted by individual participants' ratings for the images. The largest affective benefits occurred after viewing very high aesthetic nature images, but Study 2 lacked an equivalently preferred urban image set. In a second set of studies (Study 3 and 4), new sets of very highly preferred images in categories other than nature scenes (urban scenes and animals) were employed. As before, individual differences in preference for the images (but not image category) was predictive of changes in affect. In Study 5, the nature and urban images from Study 1 were rated on beauty to assess whether the stimuli's preference ratings were capturing anything other than simple aesthetics. Results showed that beauty/aesthetics and preference ('liking') were nearly identical. Lastly, a replication of Study 2 (Study 6) was conducted to test whether priming preference accounted for these benefits, but this was not the case. Together, these results suggest that nature improves affective state because it is such a highly preferred environment.
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Positive Effects of Nature on Cognitive Performance Across Multiple Experiments
2019. Cecilia U. D. Stenfors (et al.). Frontiers in Psychology 10
ArticleInteractions with natural environments and nature-related stimuli have been found to be beneficial to cognitive performance, in particular on executive cognitive tasks with high demands on directed attention processes. However, results vary across different studies. The aim of the present paper was to evaluate the effects of nature vs. urban environments on cognitive performance across all of our published and new/unpublished studies testing the effects of different interactions with nature vs. urban/built control environments, on an executive-functioning test with high demands on directed attention-the backwards digit span (BDS) task. Specific aims in this study were to: (1) evaluate the effect of nature vs. urban environment interactions on BDS across different exposure types (e.g., real-world vs. artificial environments/stimuli); (2) disentangle the effects of testing order (i.e., effects caused by the order in which experimental conditions are administered) from the effects of the environment interactions, and (3) test the (mediating) role of affective changes on BDS performance. To this end, data from 13 experiments are presented, and pooled data-analyses are performed. Results from the pooled data-analyses (N = 528 participants) showed significant time-by-environment interactions with beneficial effects of nature compared to urban environments on BDS performance. There were also clear interactions with the order in which environment conditions were tested. Specifically, there were practice effects across environment conditions in first sessions. Importantly, after parceling out initial practice effects, the positive effects of nature compared to urban interactions on BDS performance were magnified. Changes in positive or negative affect did not mediate the beneficial effects of nature on BDS performance. These results are discussed in relation to the findings of other studies identified in the literature. Uncontrolled and confounding order effects (i.e., effects due to the order of experimental conditions, rather than the treatment conditions) may explain some of the inconsistent findings across studies the literature on nature effects on cognitive performance. In all, these results highlight the robustness of the effects of natural environments on cognition, particularly when confounding order effects have been considered, and provide a more nuanced account of when a nature intervention will be most effective.
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Outdoor Office Work – hur funkar det?
2019. Charlotte Petersson (et al.). Outdoor Office Work – hur funkar det?, 119-120
ConferenceBakgrund
Arbetslivet flexibiliseras och blir allt mer gränslöst, en utveckling som innebär såväl möjligheter som utmaningar. Inte minst arbetets fysiska rum är satt i förändring då allt fler arbetsplatser organiseras utifrån aktivitetsbaserade kontorslösningar. Det blir även allt vanligare att kontorsanställda arbetar från alternativa platser, såsom i hemmet, på caféer, tåg och bussar. Ökad flexibilisering och gränslöshet till trots tycks dock tröskeln mellan inne och ute fortfarande vara hög när det kommer till kontorsarbete och -arbetsplatser. Dessutom lever allt fler i städer och tillbringar merparten av tiden inomhus, mer separerade från naturen än någonsin. Forskningen om naturens positiva effekter på människors hälsa och välbefinnande har exploderat de senaste åren. Denna forskning undersöker exempelvis effekter av utomhusvistelse på tillstånd som stress, kliniska depressioner och utbrändhet, men även återhämtning, koncentration, lärande och livskvalitet. Utifrån de utmaningar som finns i arbetslivet, inte minst den utbredda psykiska ohälsan, finns behov av att utveckla ett mer reflekterat förhållningssätt till hur vi ser på och organiserar arbete, där möjligheter till återhämtning tillgodoses, även under arbetsdagen. Då allt fler arbetar med vad som kan kallas kunskapsintensivt tjänstearbete står denna typ av arbete i fokus för vår studie. I detta projekt, det interaktiva forskningsprojektet ’StickUt Malmö’, utforskas möjliga former för att bedriva kontorsarbete utomhus.
Syfte
Inom ramen för ’StickUt Malmö’ utforskas arbetets former och normer med fokus på den urbana utemiljöns potential att bidra till ett mer innovativt och hållbart arbetsliv. De övergripande forskningsfrågorna handlar om att identifiera vilka olika typiska arbetsaktiviteter som kan utföras utomhus, samt undersöka hur de upplevs, samt att förstå förutsättningarna – vad som hindrar, respektive möjliggör, att arbetet utförs utomhus.
Metod
Utforskandet bedrivs i form av en kollaborativ lärprocess baserad på kvalitativa metoder som par-intervjuer och gruppsamtal, samt inrapporteringen via en mobil-app. Cirka femtio tjänstemän från fem förvaltningar inom Malmö stad (Stadsbyggnadskontoret, Kulturförvaltningen, Miljöförvaltningen, Fastighets- och gatukontoret och HR-strategiska avdelningen) deltar aktivt i en process med att testa olika former för att arbeta utomhus under en femtonmånadersperiod. Deltagarnas upplevelser och reflektioner står i centrum för lärprocessen, vilken är uppbyggd kring sju lärmoduler (halvdagar med respektive deltagargrupp), varvid deltagarnas erfarenheter följs upp vid gruppsamtalen och par-intervjuerna, som dokumenteras och kodas i enlighet med kvalitativa metoder. Deltagarna är delaktiga under hela lärprocessen och bidrar till analysen och en djupare förståelse av de resultat som genereras undervägs. StickUt Malmö drivs av och utgör grunden för Peterssons pågående avhandlingsarbete och övriga medförfattare utgör projektets vetenskapliga råd. Lisberg Jensen och Toivanen är även handledare. I samband med att StickUt Malmö går mot sitt slut (31/8-2019) håller de initiala, empiriska, resultaten på att sammanställas.
Resultat
Det empiriska materialet visar att det är möjligt såväl som givande att utföra flera olika arbetsaktiviteter utomhus. Formerna för att arbeta utomhus rymmer såväl individuella- som gruppaktiviteter. Det som ligger närmast till hands för deltagarna är de mindre, informella mötena. Även större utemöten förekommer, men mer sällan då de kräver mer planering och förutsättningar i utemiljön. De individuella formerna rymmer allt från inspirations- och reflektionspromenader, till att sitta ute, ofta på arbetsplatsens innergård. Läsning lämpar sig utmärkt för att ta med ut, medan att jobba vid datorn upplevs välfungerande för somliga och av andra inte. Deltagarna upplever sig bli pigga, glada, produktiva och kreativa, och även lugna, avstressade och reflexiva. Några framträdande teman är en stark känsla av att kunna tänka respektive andas. En annan genomgående aspekt rör en positiv känsla av frihet; att få bestämma själv. Ytterligare en återkommande dimension rör relationer och samtal – att de upplevs bli annorlunda, mer öppna och jämlika, när de förs (i synnerhet gående) utomhus. Till utomhusarbetets utmaningar och förutsättningar hör en del praktiska saker som behöver finnas på plats, framförallt om det ska fungera väl att sitta och arbeta och i synnerhet om det är flera personer som ska mötas, som behov av vind- och solskydd, flera, samlade sittplatser och dylikt. När det gäller gående former av utearbete rör de främst tillgång till och kunskap om var gröna och tillräckligt lugna promenadstråk finns. De största hindren tycks dock vara av mindre praktisk karaktär, då deltagarnas främsta problem har varit att få utomhusarbetet att bli av, det vill säga att förändra sina vanor. Det spelade även en stor roll hur deltagarna uppfattade sina chefers, och i viss mån kollegors, inställning till att ’vara på plats’. Det största hindret för utomhusarbete tycks bo i rådande normer kring arbete, då det ofta upplevs som mindre legitimt att arbeta utomhus. Deltagarna gav uttryck för skuldkänslor, såsom att de kände sig busiga, skyldiga och som att de smet ifrån, och reflekterade över att detta gällde trots att de gjorde samma sak som de annars skulle ha gjort inomhus, nämligen arbetade. De preliminära resultaten visar alltså att det framstår som fullt möjligt att bedriva diverse arbetsaktiviteter utomhus och att deltagarna ger uttryck för flera positiva upplevelser, inte minst på välbefinnandet i stort och mer specifikt på förmågan att tänka och samtala. För att potentialen i utevistelsen ska tillvaratas och på sikt bidra till ett mer hållbart och innovativt arbetsliv behöver dock kunskapen om förutsättningarna fördjupas. Individuella behov och preferenser måste beaktas, inte minst vad gäller funktionsvariationer av olika slag, men även gränssättningsstrategier, organisatoriska och ledningsmässiga förhållanden. Även aspekter i den fysiska utemiljön måste tas i beaktande, inte minst möjligheterna att exponeras för naturelement såsom grönska, vatten, vind och fågelkvitter. Det flexibla arbetslivet innebär såväl utmaningar och problem som möjligheter. Efter att projektet går mot sitt slut i augusti 2019 behandlas det stora insamlade empiriska materialet vidare för vetenskaplig publicering.
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Psychosocial Working Conditions and Cognitive Complaints among Swedish Employees
2013. Cecilia U. D. Stenfors (et al.). PLOS ONE 8 (4), e60637
ArticleBackground: Cognitive complaints involving problems with concentration, memory, decision-making and thinking are relatively common in the work force. The sensitivity of both subjective and objective cognitive functioning to common psychiatric conditions, stress levels and to cognitive load makes it plausible that psychosocial working conditions play a role in cognitive complaints. Thus, this study aimed to test the associations between psychosocial work factors and cognitive complaints in nationally representative samples of the Swedish work force. Cross-sectional (n = 9751) and prospective (n = 3644; two time points two years apart) sequential multiple regression analyses were run, adjusting for general confounders, depressive-and sleeping problems. Additional prospective analyses were run adjusting for baseline cognitive complaints. Cross-sectional results: High quantitative demands, information and communication technology (ICT) demands, underqualification and conflicts were positively associated with cognitive complaints, while social support, good resources at work and overqualification were negatively associated with cognitive complaints in all models. Skill discretion and decision authority were weakly associated with cognitive complaints. Conflicts were more strongly associated with cognitive complaints in women than in men, after adjustment for general confounders. Prospective results: Quantitative job demands, ICT demands and underqualification were positively associated with future cognitive complaints in all models, including when adjusted for baseline cognitive complaints. Decision authority was weakly positively associated with future cognitive complaints, only after adjustment for depressive-and sleeping problems respectively. Social support was negatively associated with future cognitive complaints after adjustment for general confounders and baseline cognitive complaints. Skill discretion and resources were negatively associated with future cognitive complaints after adjustment for general confounders. The associations between quantitative demands and future cognitive complaints were stronger in women. Discussion/Conclusions: The findings indicate that psychosocial working conditions should be taken into account when considering cognitive complaints among employees.
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Subjective Cognitive Complaints and the Role of Executive Cognitive Functioning in the Working Population: A Case-Control Study
2013. Cecilia U. D. Stenfors (et al.). PLOS ONE 8 (12), UNSP e83351
ArticleBackground: Cognitive functioning is important for managing work and life in general. However, subjective cognitive complaints (SCC), involving perceived difficulties with concentration, memory, decision making, and clear thinking are common in the general and working population and can be coupled with both lowered well-being and work ability. However, the relation between SCC and cognitive functioning across the adult age-span, and in the work force, is not clear as few population-based studies have been conducted on non-elderly adults. Thus, the present study aimed to test the relation between SCC and executive cognitive functioning in a population-based sample of employees. Methods: Participants were 233 employees with either high (cases) or low (controls) levels of SCC. Group differences in neuropsychological test performance on three common executive cognitive tests were analysed through a set of analyses of covariance tests, including relevant covariates. Results & Conclusions: In line with the a priori hypotheses, a high level of SCC was associated with significantly poorer executive cognitive performance on all three executive cognitive tests used, compared to controls with little SCC. Additionally, symptoms of depression, chronic stress and sleeping problems were found to play a role in the relations between SCC and executive cognitive functioning. No significant associations remained after adjusting for all these factors. The current findings contribute to an increased understanding of what characterizes SCC in the work force and may be used at different levels of prevention of- and intervention for SCC and related problems with executive cognitive functioning.
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Subjective Cognitive Complaints in the Working Population: The Influence of Objective Cognitive Functioning and Working Conditions
2013. Cecilia U. D. Stenfors.
Thesis (Doc)Cognitive functioning is important for managing work and life in general. However, subjective cognitive complaints (SCC), involving self-perceived difficulties with concentration, memory, decision making, and clear thinking are common in the general and in the working population and can be coupled with both lowered well-being and work ability. The present thesis investigated the extent to which SCC among people in the work force can be explained by objective cognitive functioning (study I & II) and working conditions (study III), utilizing samples from the working population. The potential roles of other common psychological problems which often co-occur with SCC were also investigated in studies I-III.
In Study I, high levels of SCC were associated with significantly poorer episodic memory performance during high executive demands and a trend was found towards poorer episodic memory, while not being associated with semantic memory. In Study II, high levels of SCC were associated with significantly poorer executive cognitive performance on all three executive cognitive tests used. Symptoms of depression, chronic stress and sleeping problems were found to play an important role in the relations between SCC and episodic memory during divided attention in study I and executive cognitive functioning in study II. In Study III, in all cross-sectional data analyses, high quantitative demands, information and communication technology (ICT) demands, underqualification in the work situation and inter-personal conflicts were positively associated with SCC, whereas social support, good resources at work and overqualification in the work situation were negatively associated with SCC. In all prospective data analyses, quantitative job demands, ICT demands and underqualification were positively associated with future SCC, including when adjusted for baseline cognitive complaints.
The findings may guide prevention of and interventions for SCC among people in the work force.
Show all publications by Cecilia Stenfors at Stockholm University
C.Stenfors, associate professor, Stenfors Lab, Psychobiology/Epidemiology & Work-/Organizational psychology divisions